Rapid Growth of Wte in China, Current Performance and Impediments to Future Growth

China has the largest population (1.33 billion) on Earth and a 2010 GDP of $5.4 trillion. This nation has experienced rapid economic growth in the last decade that has been accompanied by the generation of an enormous amount of municipal solid wastes. From 2000 to 2009, the reported MSW increased by 33% to 157 million tons. This paper presents the current situation in MSW generation, characterization, and means of disposal, based on the results of studies by WTERT (www.wtert.org) in China. The landfills serving the large cities of China are reaching or have already reached full capacity and there is strong government support for the waste to energy (WTE) alternative, resulting in over 90 WTE plants built or under construction. The thermal treatment technologies are based mostly on imported or domestic grate combustion technologies and on fluid bed combustion of shredded wastes. Of particular interest to the WTERT studies have been the Air Pollution Control systems used in Chinese plants and their performance, in particular the dioxin and furan levels attained, in view of continuing public opposition to WTE in Beijing and some other cities. The cities of Guangzhou, Shanghai, and Beijing were visited to examine any obstacles to further expansion of the WTE industry in China. There are extreme differences in the composition of MSW as well as waste management from region to region. It is believed that one of the reasons for public opposition to WTE projects is inadequate transparency as to the emissions of WTE plants. Also, it appears that some WTE facilities tend to cut down costs at the expense of adequate emission control. The paper concludes with discussion of the economics of Chinese WTE plants built in the last six years. 1. OVERVIEW OF WASTE MANAGEMENT IN CHINA 1.1 A RAPIDLY GROWING INDUSTRY As one of the world‟s fastest developing countries, China has experienced a high growth rate in economic development and urbanization. These have been accompanied by a fivefold increase in MSW generation from 31 to 156 million tons between 1982 and 2004 (1). In the last decade, a new wave of urbanization increased the reported MSW generation by 33%. Figure 1 shows the correlation between urban population and amount of MSW generated. Proceedings of the 20th Annual North American Waste-to-Energy Conference NAWTEC20 April 23-25, 2012, Portland, Maine, USA